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154 CHAPTER 4 XPATH, XPOINTER, XINCLUDE, AND THE FUTURE Introduction to Languages Introduction to French I used the value xml for the parseattribute in this case, so the resource was processed and included as XML. You could also include the resource as text, which will not parse but will escape characters: . Processing the XInclude this time produces something along these lines: <?xml version=”1.0″ ?> <courses> <course xml:id=”c1″> <title>Basic Languages</title> <description>Introduction to Languages</description> </course> <course xml:id=”c2″> <title>French I</title> <description>Introduction to French</description> </course> </courses> Even the XML declaration from the courses.xml file is included this time. XInclude was instructed by the parse attribute not to process the resource as XML but to include it as text. The XML declaration has no meaning as plain text and is added to the document. You most likely have noticed that all characters have also been escaped, including much of the whitespace. If you notice the attributes within the courses.xml file for the course elements, they are defined as xml:id attributes, which automatically convert the attributes to type ID. Using the xpointer attribute with the xi:include element, you can select a single course with the ID of the element:

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